Review of The Blast in Centralia No. 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of The Blast in Centralia No. 5 - Essay Example As seen in the article by Martin (1948), Driscoll O. Scanlan- thirteen years of age- was among the inspectors of the mine as appointed by the then governor, Dwight H. Green. Martin (1948) continues to argue that Scanlan was committed to his work and effortlessly aimed at ensuring that the mining laws would be enforced; thus, security and high output of the miners' efforts. As contrasted to Scanlan, the other miners were reluctant and passed timing chatting throughout their working time (Martin, 1948). As the leader, Scanlan raised alarm over the laxity portrayed by the miners, recommending that other miners need to be appointed, and that the mine was the worst in the entire district. Besides the issues on the side of the miners, the mine was faced with other challenges that entailed the general infrastructure of the mine. Martin (1948) says that Scanlan recommended cleaning of the passage ways as well as making use of clay as opposed to filling of shots using coal dust. Additionally, Martin (1948) indicates that Scanlan also advocated for the shutting down of the mine for renovation and maintenance purposes. From the above case, it is valid to argue that there a lot of issues surrounding this case, ranging from administration to political. With the help of the work and compilation by Wilson Woodrow on The study of Administration, and Cropf’s American public administration: Public service for the 21st century, this section shall attempt to analyze what went wrong in the case and how politics influenced the occurrence of this disaster, and how the same would have been easily avoided. Wilson (1886) indicates that for any organization to be successful, the management must shift lots of their energy in improving the personnel, so as they can attain efficiency. As seen in the case of Centralia, this was a failure on the side of the governor’s administration as he ignored the call by the head of the mine on the incompetence of the miners who spent a majo rity of their time gossiping and wasting a lot of time, which would have been used in boosting the output of the mine. The organization methods and follow-up mechanisms, which are key in administration as seen in the argument by Wilson (1886), were not good enough to improve the personnel in the mine. Secondly, Wilson (1886) says that in any administration system, the government must ensure that they analyze what they can successfully accomplish, and how they can effectively accomplish the same using minimum amounts of funds and less energy. Martin (1948) reports a different case as rock dusting, that has over the years been said to be distressing and not fit for the miners, was applied in the case of Centralia. The government then watches the miners inhaling huge chunks of coal dust, which affects their health. The government, in this case failed as they had no clear plan on how they would deal with the issues in the mine. Probably, one would argue that this is the reason behind th e government assuming the alarms caused by Scanlan, on the poor condition of the mine to operate effectively. This opposes the argument by Wilson (1886) who is of the opinion that administration ought to be a government at work, which seeks attention and immediate action to issues. Wilson (1886) in

Case Study Of Unstable Angina

Case Study Of Unstable Angina The patient in context is a 61 year old male, Mr. X, admitted to hospital in the late evening for a case of unstable angina. Presenting complaints include left-sided chest pain which was less severe than that of his previous admission and localized pain during rest. Absent symptoms are profuse sweating as well as nausea and vomiting, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dypsnoea, cough and fever. Patients past medical history includes diabetes mellitus and hypertension diagnosed 6 years ago, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) since 3 years ago, for which the last hospital admission was 11 months ago. In the previous admission for IHD, Mr. X also suffered from pneumonia and ventricular failure, his electrocardiogram (ECG) indicated right bundle branch block, his serum troponin I levels were 0.3 ng/mL (normal levels 0-0.1 ng/mL), and his creatinine levels were 5.0 mg/dL (normal for males 0.2-0.6 mg/dL). Mr. X is also afflicted with chronic kidney disease, for which his baseline creatinine dur ing his last admission was 208 ÃŽÂ ¼mol//L. Mr. X has retired from the military and is living with his wife, who monitors his medications and compliance. He used to be a chronic smoker but has stopped smoking 15 years ago. His previous medication history is as below: Drug and Form Strength Frequency Furosemide tabs 40 mg BD Omeprazole tabs 20 mg PRN Amlodipine tabs 10 mg OD Simvastatin tabs 20 mg ON Perindopril tabs 4 mg OD Table 1: Table showing past medications of Mr. X. Mr. X takes no non-prescription medications and has no known drug allergies. On examination he appears to be alert and comfortable on his nasal cannula for delivery of oxygen 3L/min. His blood pressure is 134/81 mmHg, pulse rate is 76 bpm, body temperature 37oC, SpO2 of 99%, abdomen feels soft and non-tender, and no pedal oedema was observed. A blood glucose strip test reveals that Mr. Xs glucose levels were 10.3 mmol/L. Emergency ECG shows right bundle branch block and no ischaemic changes. The tentative diagnosis was unstable angina and further tests were scheduled, including a full blood count (FBC), renal profile (RP), liver function test (LFT), troponin and creatinine (CKMB) investigations, as well as a urine full examination and microscopy (UFEME). The immediate plan was to give Mr. X subcutaneous enoxaparin 60 mg stat and twice daily thereafter, aspirin 75 mg tablets once daily, lovastatin 20 mg tablets once daily, sublingual glyceryl trinitrate when required, and to continue the 3L/min oxygen cannula. Clinical Progress Day 1 Morning Patient was well, free from chest pain, tolerating orally and suffering from no nausea or vomiting. He had minimal shortness of breath (SOB). Troponin I levels were at 0.15 ng/mL and ECG showed no acute or evolving changes. Fasting plasma glucose was at 4.8 mmol/L (within normal range). Secondary dehydration was observed using the skin pinch test, so patient was started on intravenous normal saline drip (3 x 500 mL bag per 24 hours). Patient was found to be anaemic due to pre-existing chronic renal failure. Evening Patient reported mild chest pain and SOB. His troponin I levels were 0.15 ng/mL and other vitals were normal. His creatinine levels were 423 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L. Day 2 Patient felt comfortable and his vitals were normal. His creatinine levels decreased to 345 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L. Day 3 Patients condition was well, no chest pain was reported but he was still experiencing some SOB in the morning, which subsided in the afternoon. Patient was put on continuous peritoneal dialysis in the late morning. Patients vitals were normal, and he was taken off enoxaparin in the evening. Day 4 Patient complained of chest pain in the morning, with minimal SOB. His vitals were normal. Subcutaneous enoxaparin 60 mg was given and the IV saline was continued. Lab Findings Urine Biochemical Analysis (Day 1) Investigation values Normal values Protein ++100 mg/dL Glucose negative negative Blood negative Leucocytes +-10 WBC/ÃŽÂ ¼L Ketone negative negative Bile negative negative Urobillinogen normal Specific gravity 1.025 1.003 1.040 pH 5.5 4.6 8.0 Nitrite negative negative Table 2: Results of urine biochemical analysis on Day 1 Lipid Panel Fasting Serum Lipid Plasma total cholesterol / mmol/L 4.5 Desirable Borderline 5.17-6.19 High risk >6.20 Plasma triglyceride / mmol/L 1.27 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Desirable Borderline 1.7-5.64 High risk >5.65 Plasma LDL-cholesterol / mmol/L 2.91 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Desirable Borderline 3.36-4.12 High risk >4.13 Plasma HDL-cholesterol / mmol/L 1.01 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Desirable >1.03 High risk Total cholesterol / HDL-cholesterol 4.5 Desirable Borderline 3.8-5.8 High risk >5.9 Table 3: Results of lipid panel (fasting serum lipid levels). Renal Profile Electrolytes Measured levels on Day 1-1.14am Measured levels on Day 1-12.54am Measured levels on Day 2-10.47am Normal range Urea / mmol/L 22.8 22.4 21.1 2.8-7.2 Sodium / mmol/L 129 128 129 136-146 Potassium / mmol/L 5.3 4.8 4.7 3.5-5.1 Chloride / mmol/L 98 94 101 98-107 Creatinine / ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L 423 398 345 58-96 Table 4: Renal profile of Mr. X showing levels of electrolytes and creatinine. Plasma troponin I 0.15 ng/mL Liver Function Test Measured level Normal range Plasma total protein 81 g/L 66-83 g/L Plasma albumin 34 g/L 35-52 g/L Plasma globulin 47g/L 25-44 g/L A/G ratio 0.7 0.9-1.8 Plasma alkaline phosphatase 119 u/L 30-120 u/L Plasma aspartate transaminase 19 u/L Plasma alanine transaminase 43 u/L à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Plasma total bilirubin 6 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L 5-21 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L ESR 47mm/hour à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 0-20 mm/hour Table 5: Results of liver function test showing protein and liver enzyme levels in plasma. Full Blood Count (FBC) (Beckman Coulter) Cell type Measured level Normal range WBC 9.9109/L 4-10109/L RBC 3.341012/L 3.8-4.81012/L Haemoglobin 95g/L 120-150g/L Haematocrit 0.273L/L 0.36-0.46L/L Mean cell volume 81.8fl. 83-101fl. Mean cell haemoglobin 28.4pg. 27-32pg MCH concentration 347g/L 315-345g/L Platelets 353109/L 150-400109/L RDW 19.4% Neutrophils 3.3 2-7 x109/L Lymphocytes 1.74 1-3 x109/L Monocytes 0.55 0.2-1.0 x109/L Eosinophils 0.21 0.02-0.5 x109/L Basophils 0.03 0.02-0.1 x109/L Table 6: Full blood count of Mr. X. Vital Stats Chart Date Time Blood Pressure/ mmHg Temperature / oC Pulse Rate/ bpm SpO2/ % Blood Glucose levels/ mmol/L Day 0 11.05 pm 140/80 37 91 100 13.9 11.30 pm 137/84 37 80 100 Day 1 8.30 am 130/80 37 70 4.8 (fasting) 3.55 pm 130/70 37 90 10.30 pm 108/64 37 81 Day 2 8.20 am 119/69 37 78 4.50 pm 130/90 37 82 9.6 9.45 pm 140/90 37 80 6.7 Day 3 8.50 am 114/77 37 72 98 6.6 Table 7: Records of vital stats of Mr. X from Day 0 3. Disease Overview Pharmacological Basis of Drug Therapy Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a broad term used to classify a continuum of symptoms and events stemming from acute ischaemic episodes affecting the cardiac muscle.1 This includes unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NTEMI), and ST segment elevation infarction. It is usually characterised by chest pain which increases in its severity at rest or with physical exertion. The ischaemic events usually arise from the development of unstable atheromatous plaques,2 which explains the fact that stable angina (due to a stable coronary atheromatous plaque) is not included under this umbrella term. Rupture, ulceration or fissures of the atherosclerotic plaque often leads to formation of a thrombus, causing occlusion of coronary arteries and inadequate blood flow and, subsequently, inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle. This can be precipitated by acute stress factors on the sclerotic cap usually consisting of fibrous material, which is caus ed by local blood flow disturbances or vasospasms3. Unstable angina usually occurs without cardiac muscle damage while myocardial infarction (MI) may occur with or without myocardium damage. The thrombus formed in unstable angina is labile and obstruction is transient, and not a full-on occlusion as would occur in MI.4 Unstable angina occurs at rest and is almost indistinguishable from a non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction except in the severity of cardiac muscle ischaemia. Theoretical definitions of unstable angina would include changes in usual patterns of stable angina after a stable pain-free period, or severe acute anginal pain causing almost total incapacity5, though it is difficult to define it exactly as the term is often used by medical professionals to describe a range of different conditions intermediate between stable angina and MI. The primary clinical symptoms of unstable angina are: sudden occurrence of chest pain that persists for more than 20 minutes which may be felt in other areas such as the jaw, arm, shoulder, neck or back; without cause (as opposed to stable angina which stems from physical exercise); shortness of breath, rapid pulse rate, and sometimes a rapid drop in blood pressure. Patients suffering from an ACS have a high risk of MI and possible even death; immediate hospitalization is often required1 and treatment is of a more urgent nature compared to that of stable angina. It has been suggested by the National Health Service (NHS) Hospital Episode Statistics in 1998 that 1000 out of every million per population is affected with unstable angina, or 10 acute hospital admissions per week.6 On a more recent note, NHS has reported in 2009 that angina affects between 10-15% of women and 10-20% of men aged 65 and above in England.7 Due to the close relationship between unstable angina and coronary events, it is worth noting that the highest averaged rates of cardiovascular events were observed in Glasgow and Belfast (UK), North Karelia and Kuopio (Finland), Newcastle (Australia), and Warsaw (Poland).8 Diagnosis of an unstable angina episode, or any ACS in that matter, is based on several aspects9. Physical symptoms include anginal pain at rest that lasts for 20 minutes or more; new onset angina severely limiting ability of physical activity; or changes in existing angina intensity, frequency or length of attack. One or more of these symptoms are an urgent indication that the patient is suffering from an ACS attack. Upon admission to hospital, ECG and blood tests should be performed to confirm the type of ACS in order to initiate treatment. In unstable angina, the ST segment is not elevated and levels of cardiac enzymes are normal (especially troponin T and I). If the onset of symptoms is unclear as to indicate ACS, a measurement of serum troponin concentration should be carried out 12 hours from presentation to establish the diagnosis.10 Treatment of unstable angina and NSTEMI are similar in terms of pharmacological management; indeed they are at presentation indistinguishable exc ept in terms of the severity and extent of cardiac muscle ischaemia, in which the ischaemia is less severe in unstable angina and less troponin T and I are released into the bloodstream. Antiplatelet agents. Aspirin and clopidogrel are the immediate emergency drugs used in the ambulance, both being antiplatelet drugs. Aspirin is an irreversible inhibitor of arachidonate cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, in which covalent acetylation of the serine moiety in a hydrophobic channel in the enzyme11 reduces synthesis of thromboxane A2 in platelets and prostaglandins in the endothelium. This prevents platelet aggregation and further enlargement of the thrombus formed in the coronary artery. Clopidogrel is an inhibitor of the ADP-dependent activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor and prevents the formation of fibrinogen bridges between glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors on the surfaces of platelets11, subsequently preventing platelet activation. Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA receptor antagonists, eg, abxicimab, have the advantage of inhibiting all pathways in the platelet activation process by inhibiting the glycoprotein IIB/IIIA receptor. Anticoagulants. Unfractionated heparin is an activator of antithrombin III, which inhibits the action of thrombin and serine proteases. The heparin also binds to thrombin; the combined effect of this and the heparin-antithrombin complex formed inhibits thrombin, which decreases the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and reduces platelet aggregation. In contrast, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) have molecular sizes that are too small to bind to thrombin but still bind to antithrombin III, which inactivates all serine proteases including Factors XIIa, IXa, and Xa11, preventing the coagulation process. Direct thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin and bivalirudin inhibit thrombin reversibly. These agents can bind to free and bound thrombin, thus have the ability to prevent and dissolve preformed clots. Synthetic pentasaccharides (fondaparinux) is a selective indirect inhibitor of Factor Xa. It binds to antithrombin III reversibly, catalyzing the inactivation of Factor Xa12 and inhibit ing the coagulation cascade. Beta blockers. All beta blockers bind to beta-adrenoceptors, competitively antagonizing the action of catecholamines. These drugs block the beta-1 adrenoceptors at the heart, achieving a decreased heart rate and force of cardiac contractions, as well as lowering blood pressure. Atenolol is relatively specific for cardiac beta-1 adrenoceptors and exerts fewer side effects associated with beta-2 adrenoceptor blockade, for example bronchospasm in asthmatics. Nitrates. Organic nitrates mimic the actions of endogenous nitric oxide to relax vascular smooth muscle by increasing the synthesis of cGMP, leading to the dephosphorylation of myosin light chains.11 Vasodilatation of coronary arteries causes increased coronary blood flow and coupled with its effects of decreasing arterial pressure and also cardiac output, the myocardial oxygen consumption is largely reduced. Statins. Also termed HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, these medicines inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol, in which this enzyme converts HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. ACE inhibitors are diuretics acting on the rennin-angiotensin system which inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and block the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I. This reduces vascular resistance, increases tissue perfusion, and reduces cardiac afterload. Angiotensin II receptor inhibitors also act on the same system as the ACE inhibitors, except that they block the angiotensin II receptors directly instead of inhibiting their formation. The outcome is the same as above. Evidence for Treatment of the Condition Antiplatelet Agents The SIGN guidelines advocate that aspirin and clopidogrel be given to patients with ECG ischaemic changes or increased levels of cardiac markers; and aspirin is advocated for all patients suffering from ACS. A meta-analysis of 287 randomised trials proves the protective effect of aspirin on patients with unstable angina, halving the rate of cardiovascular events, including death, non-fatal MI and strokes, or also termed the first primary outcome; while in those with an acute MI, it reduces the rate of coronary events by almost a third13. Long-term use of aspirin for these patients was also shown to be a beneficial antiplatelet therapy. According to the same study, reduction of serious vascular events by clopidogrel was 10% compared to aspirin. The combined use of clopidogrel and aspirin as compared with a placebo and aspirin showed significantly higher success rates in reducing occurrences of first primary outcomes (9.3% compared to 11.4%, P On the flipside, although short term studies have shown that antiplatelet medications are effective for patients with renal failure in the prevention of serious vascular events13, the risks of bleeding is increased by renal disease15, posing a possible contraindication for antiplatelets to Mr. X. A clinical study found that treatment for NSTEMI ACS in patients with chronic renal disease (mild to moderate stages) was less aggressive than those with normal renal function, despite the risk that these patients with renal disease would experience greater adverse outcomes from insufficient treatment for ACS compared to the other patient group16. However the available information on adverse effects of antiplatelets on patients with varying degrees of renal disease is limited and it would appear that this would result in the reluctance of medical professionals in using this class of drugs for patients with chronic renal disease as well as ACS. It can be inferred that Mr. X would gain the maximum benefits if his medications were changed to aspirin 300 mg and clopidogrel 300 mg stat and aspirin 75 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg thereafter, in which the patient should be closely monitored for signs of bleeding. Heparins LMWHs A 2003 review of 7 studies involving 11,092 patients with non-ST elevation ACS found that low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) were more effective than unfractionated heparins in reducing MI events, requirement for revascularization procedures, and thrombocytopenia17. No difference in the mortality, recurrent angina, major and minor bleeds were observed in the two types of drugs. A meta-analysis of 12 randomised trials with 17,157 patients involved found that patients who have had a non-ST elevation ACS who were put on aspirin experienced no significant difference in benefits in efficacy (preventing MI or death) or safety (major and minor bleeding complications) when they were put on unfractionated heparin or LMWH17, implicating no difference in the thrombolytic effect in both classes of drugs. These results are partially similar to those of the first review. Another meta-analysis of 2 phase-3 trials comparing enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin, on the other hand, showed a signifi cant (20%) difference in reducing death or severe cardiac ischaemic events18. From an economic point of view, authors of yet another meta-analysis on the subject stated that the cost of LMWH is 3-5 times higher than unfractionated heparin19. From these data it can be concluded that LMWHs does indeed have additional positive treatment outcomes compared to unfractionated heparins22; it does not show significantly decreased side effects (bleeding). Enoxaparin has, though, an increased bleeding effect on patients with renal disease as reported by an investigation of 106 patients, in which total bleeding complications occurred in 22% of normal patients and 51% of patients with impaired renal function (p It is still the drug of choice for patients present with non-ST elevated ACS, and this is applicable to Mr. X with unstable angina. Beta-Blockers Beta-blockers were not prescribed for Mr. X. The SIGN guidelines states that beta-blockers should be the drug of choice for first line treatment of anginal pain in patients with non-ST elevated ACS. A meta-analysis of 5 trials consisting of 4700 patients in all showed a 13% reduction in anginal pain with the use of beta blockers (initially IV then oral for a week) in patients with non-ST elevated, MI-characterised chest pain23. It was stated in the clinical progress Mr. X had chest pain on Day 1 and 4, thus the addition of a beta blocker to his medications would be useful in alleviating his pain. Despite the popular belief that beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus, it is possible to treat these patients using beta-blockers as long as good glycaemic control is achieved and the patient is monitored regularly24. This would further support its use in Mr. X; furthermore, several studies have shown that diabetic patients derive a significant benefit from the use of beta-blockers after an MI, in which diabetic patients had a significantly lower mortality 1 year post-discharge25, total mortality after 3 years, and deaths from cardiac events26. A multicentre randomized trial, the HINT trial, on patients with unstable angina found that metoprolol, a relatively cardioselective beta blocker, reduced occurrence of myocardial ischaemia or progress to MI within 48 hours, indicating that metoprolol has a short term beneficial effect on patients not already taking beta blockers prior to the unstable angina episode27. It has been suggested that beta-blockers be the first line treatment for unstable angina and if patients remain unstable, a calcium channel blocker should be added28. Statins The beneficial effects of statins in reducing mortality and cardiovascular events have been proven by a meta-analysis of large, randomized controlled trials (n=90,056) where coronary artery disease was present or absent29. The positive results were also proven spanning a large range of serum cholesterol levels. Investigations comparing the use of intensive versus moderate doses of statins in the early stages and post-ACS showed positive results: a meta-analysis of 4 large trials (n=27,548) shows a 16% reduction in cardiovascular deaths or MI, as well as a 16% reduction in cardiovascular deaths or coronary events30. This view is shared by another meta-analysis of the same subject of 13 randomised controlled trials which found a decrease in mortality and coronary events after 4 months of treatment31. These data support the use of statins by Mr. X. Nitrates Nitrates have been widely used in relieving pain from unstable angina, despite its lack of clinical evidence in supporting its role in improving survival and reducing the rate of MI and cardiovascular events32. ISIS-433 and GISSI-334 reports no significant difference of the use of glyceryl trinitrate post-MI in reducing the overall mortality; however this may be explained by the fact that more than 50% of patients in the controlled group are also on other forms of nitrate therapy, such as intravenous glyceryl trinitrate. Despite this, nitrates will still be of use for reducing the pain in post-MI patients and those with unstable angina. The BNF advises against the use of nitrates in patients with serious anaemia (Hb Glycaemic control Mr. Xs plasma glucose levels were elevated on the day he was admitted to hospital (13.9 mmol/L). Diabetes mellitus has been proven to be a strong independent risk marker for coronary heart disease: patients with poorly controlled diabetes at hospital admission have a worse outlook on prognosis and future development of cardiovascular events35. The DIGAMI investigation reports that the use of intensive insulin therapy increased long-term prognosis (P=0.011) of patients presenting with hyperglycemia (>11mmol/L) at admission compared with those on standard antidiabetic therapy36. These data support the use of insulin to control the blood glucose levels of Mr. X which were highly increased upon admission. This is also supported by the SIGN guidelines which advocate immediate control of blood glucose is carried out for MI patients with glucose levels of more than 11.0 mmol/L for at least 24 hours. ACE Inhibitors The SIGN guidelines recommend that patients with unstable angina should be given ACE inhibitors as long-term therapy. In patients at high risk of cardiovascular events, ACE inhibitors (ramipril was investigated in a report37) have been proven to reduce overall mortality, MI, and stroke, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus. Perindopril was found to reduce cardiovascular risk (relative risk reduction =20%, P=0.0003) in a population with stable coronary heart disease in absence of heart failure38 in a double-blinded, randomized multicentre trial involving 13,655 patients. A meta-analysis of the 2 above trials and a third one (PEACE) showed a reduction in overall mortality, cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and coronary artery bypass surgery by ACE inhibitors39. This demonstrates the benefits of ACE inhibitors in patients with atherosclerosis: as patients who had an ACS event would have a higher rate of cardiovascular events, the po sitive outcomes of ACE inhibitors can perhaps be extrapolated to this population in order to decrease coronary events and improve prognosis. However, the BNF advises caution and close clinical monitoring if ACE inhibitors are to be used in patients with hyponatremia ( Oxygen therapy On admission, Mr. Xs SpO2 was 99% and remained high throughout his stay in the hospital. The use of oxygen therapy is significantly beneficial only in hypoxic patients (with SpO2 Anaemia and Unstable Angina Anaemia can disturb the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand: a decrease in the number of red blood cells can lead to a reduction in the supply of oxygen to the myocardium. Thus correction of the causative factor would be sensible in the treatment of unstable angina for the patient in context. Mr. X was given a combination of ferrous fumarate, vitamin B complex, and folic acid for treatment of his anaemia. From the data in Table 6, it can be seen that Mr. X has low haemoglobin concentrations (95 g/L) and a low mean cell volume (81.8 fl.). To confirm that Mr. X is indeed suffering from iron-deficiency anaemia (as suggested by his treatment medication), three parameters must be established namely the plasma iron, the plasma ferritin, and total iron binding capacity. However, as very few conditions can cause abnormalities in the mean cell volume, and a decreased value is due to iron-deficiency anaemia or thalassemia42, it is safe to assume that Mr. Xs anaemic condition is due to an insufficiency of iron. Iron supplements are given to correct the iron status of the patient, in which the ferrous form given orally is found to be cheap, safe and effective in the majority of patients with iron-deficiency anaemia2. Vitamin B complex and folic acid are only indicated in patients with the respective deficiencies2; there is little evidence that they would be of any significant benefit in patients with iron-deficiency anaemia. Summary Based on the evidence given, Mr. Xs aspirin dose should be changed to 300 mg stat and 75 mg thereafter, and clopidogrel should be added into his medication profile in the same doses. These changes ensure that Mr. X is obtaining sufficient antiplatelet effects from his medications to prevent another attack of unstable angina or even a myocardial infarction. Present drugs that were given for his condition that are suitable and supported by evidences include enoxaparin, lovastatin, insulin, and GTN: these can be safely continued without problems. A beta-blocker (metoprolol tablets) may be given additionally in doses of 50-100 mg as evidences described above have shown that they can be safely used in diabetic patients contrary to popular belief; an ACE inhibitor (perindopril as previously used by Mr. X) may be initiated coupled with regular electrolyte

Analysis of New Social Movement Theory Essay -- Sociology Social Mov

Analysis of New Social Movement Theory Works Cited Not Included In Johnston, Laraà ±a, and Gusfield’s discussion of New Social Movement (NSM) theory, they identify the concept as a â€Å"double-edged sword,† in that is has both related itself to the changing shape of society but also overemphasized the newness of its model, almost divorcing itself from previous social movement theories instead of acknowledging and assessing the similarities between them and integrating what is useful from theories of the past. As its basic framework asserts that social movements now are not as linked to class as they were in the time of the emergence of Marxism and at the height of industrialist society (as Resource Mobilization Theory might stress), new social movement theory succeeds in fitting itself to post-modern and post-industrialist social structure while it fails to explain the situations and changes that it describes. It makes the important point that a new and different society incites new and different movements. However, the language o f the theory has a â€Å"tendency to ‘ontologize,’† as it tries to claim â€Å"more explanatory power than it empirically warranted,† which occasionally makes it an obstacle rather than a tool to analyze the modern face of social movements (Buechler & Cylke 276). Johnston, Laraà ±a, and Gusfield proceed to break down social movements and attribute to them eight characteristics which help clarify what defines a â€Å"new social movement.† The first of these characteristics is the frequently discussed observation that social movements are no longer homogenous in the category of social class, which Johnston, et al. describe as an NSM not bearing a â€Å"clear relation to the structural roles of its participants† (Buechler &... ...on in the Leninist model,† according to Johnston, Laraà ±a, and Gusfield (Buechler & Cylke 278). Overall, New Social Movements are defined by their particular reflections of individualist, post-industrialism, though the basic premises for the formation of movements remain. Individuals have grievances which affect their choices of action and organization. Though collective action is acted out in different ways and reflects a less unified identity formation process, NSM’s bring to bear their effects on society by the sum of the actions of its members, whether those actions are personal or collective, and whether or not ideology is broadly shared. In this way, it may be detrimental to call New Social Movements â€Å"new.† Their context has changed, and so they have changed. The evolution of social movements reflects both their current environment and their roots.

Poverty and a Lack of Education are Fueling Juvenile Crime Essay

In the early 1960’s, the epidemic of juvenile crime began to take shape. The problem of juvenile crime is becoming an increasingly pressing matter in America. Anyone who watches the news on television or reads the newspapers is well aware of the urgency and intensity of America’s juvenile crime problem. Effectively establishing the causes of juvenile crime may help to deter it in the future. A proper solution cannot be executed until the root causes and reasons are exposed. There are undoubtedly many factors contributing to juvenile crime, but the focus should be on those which contribute the most. The two factors which come most readily to mind are the extremes of poverty and poor education. Juveniles from poor communities are not even interested in becoming educated because there are not any decent paying jobs for them anyway. By not going to school, these juveniles are not are not developing the proper mental framework with which they can make good choices in life. The growing numbers of poor communities does not help the situation. It is old news that crime follows poverty. Americans should be concerned that juvenile crime is being fueled by a lack of education and poverty. Poverty has three basic definitions which are absolute poverty, relative poverty and exclusionary poverty. An absence of the most basic resources such as food, shelter, and clothing constitutes absolute poverty. Relative poverty refers to those people who are poor when compared to the wealthier members of the society. Exclusionary poverty includes people without access to healthcare, proper nutrition, transportation, and opportunities for participating in community life. The references to poverty in this argument include individuals from all three categories (Ryerse). The biggest differences between the upper-class and lower-class communities is the quality of education the youths receive and economic security. In upper-class communities juvenile crime exists, but it is far less common and severe than in the impoverished communities. Neighborhoods with a high concentration of poverty are at a much higher risk of having problems such  as single-parent families, ineffective parenting, violent schools, high dropout rates, substance abuse, and high unemployment rates (Delbert, 86). Youths growing up in such an environment are experiencing violence daily and are destined to resort to violence themselves. Poor communities have a tendency to be very unstable because of economic insecurity. Economic insecurity is caused by chronic unemployment. This is especially a problem in the inner-cities where, without jobs, people live impoverished and overcrowded lives (Parcels, 43). Since they are not able to sell their labor, they resort to illegitimate markets such as drugs and prostitution (Parcels, 43). The illegitimate businesses emerge because the communities cannot effectively resist them, and they provide some social organization and economy (Elliot, 86). Unemployment is not the source of frustration and desperation that eventually leads to violence. A lack of income is, because it forces people into situations that they would choose not to be in. Robbery, prostitution, and drug dealing yield practical and immediate results. These industries naturally organize into street gangs which are known for their violent behavior. If these people were properly educated and lived in an economically secure environment, then there would not be any reasons for them to engage in crime. Unfortunately, they are currently engaged in enterprises which are dangerous and extremely violent. These enterprises are attractive to the juveniles who are looking for status and a steady income. They are not interested in education or legitimate employment It does not make any sense for a juvenile in a poor community to have much interest in becoming educated in the first place. They know that an education will not help their situation in the long run. The likeliness that a high school diploma will land them a good job is almost nonexistent, and college is completely out of the question without a substantial amount of money. Therefore, if the juvenile wishes to make something of himself he will naturally find means available to him. By becoming a low level drug dealer  he can make a considerable amount of money in a relatively small amount of time. It becomes even more profitable to be a drug dealer in a gang because of the protection a gang can offer. The money, on top of the prestige and respect drug dealers have in poor communities, makes the experience quite rewarding. This is why younger individuals are attracted to the criminal lifestyle. In the criminal sub-culture violence is not only condoned but encouraged. The methods and details involved are often learned from a parent or older sibling. Because the juveniles parents are poor and undereducated, they are more likely to be engaged in criminal and deviant activity themselves. The children grow up watching their parents struggle to survive and live a criminal lifestyle. The adults, frustrated by their hopeless situation, frequently turn to drugs and alcohol which affects how they deal with their children. The frustration and anger that a juvenile experiences in such a family can easily pour over into other areas of their social life in the form of violence. The limited availability of resources in poor neighborhoods creates both social isolation and economic stress on families. Parents who have limited problem solving skills, poor impulse control, and a history of violent behavior during adolescence are those at a high risk of child abuse. Frequently, they are young, low-income, single parent, minority women with four or more children in the household. If the fathers are present, they tend to have only a limited education and be part-time employed. Because they have few alternatives and limited social support, they do not have anyone who might provide social controls on their behavior and non-violent alternatives for managing their children (Elliot, 86). Neither the government, nor any other outside entity seems willing to provide much needed solutions. This is really no surprise considering the current power structure in the United States, which includes the politicians and the elite class, have an interest in keeping the lower classes confused, disorganized, and helpless. This is because of the fear that if the poor class organizes and unites the poor will at once recognize the current power  structure is the source of their oppression. Capitalism, by definition, requires an abundance of labor which is it’s foundation. Noam Chomsky, professor at MIT, suggested that America’s two-tiered society with enormous wealth and privilege amidst poverty and suffering was created and sustained with bipartisan agreement. There are not enough jobs in America, because capitalism does not and never did provide full employment (Parcels 45). Eric Parcels, writer of the New Unionist, believes that â€Å"capitalism likes to keep a reserve army of unemployed people to help force wages down (44). The widening gap between the rich and the poor and the hopelessness it creates are two reasons which make the poor angry and frustrated (Hall 124). The young people see drugs, gangs, and anti-social behavior as a way to get back at the system (Hall ). Gus Hall, chair of Communist Party USA, claims â€Å"whenever there is severe unemployment and poverty, there is crime, drugs, and violence (125).† Some people argue that not all poor people are violent and many grow up in poor areas and do not become criminals. This is true, but the point is that growing up in a poor neighborhood increases the likeliness criminal activity will emerge. Others point out that white- collar crime is rampant, but these crimes are not as common or as severe as those committed by the gangs and other violent youth. There are also the questions of overcrowding and media violence. These factors undoubtedly contribute to crime, but they do not have as much influence as poverty coupled with poor education. When trying to solve the problem of juvenile crime most people are quick to suggest increasing law enforcement and creating harsher prison sentences. These solutions will help to a certain extent, but they are treating the effects of juvenile crime instead of the causes. Some people are proposing that America test Buckminister Fuller’s idea of the negative income tax. This is the idea that a line be drawn somewhere above the poverty line and no one can receive less. The most remarkable aspect of this idea is that it would cost less than the current bureaucratic welfare system. It’s opponents argue that it would increase inflation, but this is not necessarily true if the Gross Nation Product was not exceeded. Educating and giving money to the poor would not solve America’s crime and violence problems overnight. A more reasonable time frame would be several generations. There is also the idea of investing in a massive adult education program. This might be effective in breaking the cycle in which juveniles are learning bad habits and criminal behavior from their parents. Though it may not be the most effective solution, it does seem to be the most civilized. America’s juvenile crime problem is not going to fix itself. Realizing that juveniles who grow up uneducated and poverty stricken are prone to engage in crime may lead to the discovery of a viable solution that can be agreed upon. Until then, the problem still lingers and threatens to intensify. By not addressing the situation in a healthy and rational manner, the juveniles are destined to become even more angry and frustrated at the hopelessness of their situation. It is now clear how poverty and a lack of education are linked to juvenile crime. Juvenile crime will continue to exist as long as the public and the government chooses to ignore it’s relationship to economy and education. It was Gus Hall who said, â€Å"crime, like joblessness, is a national disease. When people-any people-lose hope, when poverty and despair is the only view of the future, crime, drugs, and violence are the results (125).† Works Cited Chomsky, Noam. Interview with David Finkel. Chomsky on Capitalism. 1991. 27 Feb. 2003 Elliot, Delbert. â€Å"Environmental Factors Contribute to Juvenile Crime and Violence.† Juvenile Crime: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. A.E. Sadler. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1997. 83-94. Hall, Gus. â€Å"Capitalism Causes Violence.† Violence: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Scott Barbour. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1996. 120-125. Parcels, Erik. â€Å"Capitalism Fosters Gang Behavior.† Gangs: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Charles Cozic. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1996. 41-45. Ryerse, C. Thursday’s child. Child poverty in Canada: A review of the effects of poverty on children. Ottawa: National Youth Care Network, 1990.

Festival Presentation

Introduction Slide 1 Background Slide 2 http://www. bluebanana. com/article. php/191/boardmasters-festival The awesome Relentless Boardmasters festival is one of the most recognised surfing events in the country and has everything you could possibly need for a weekend away. You’ve got music, a surfing event, skating and a whole load more so you’ll never run out of things to do! Where all of the biggest names in surf, BMXing and music come together, Boardmasters is the music event you must check out this summer.Located in one of the most beautiful parts of the country, watch the sun set over the cliff top and get ready for a long night of dancing and buzzing music. The Relentless Boardmasters festival offers an eclectic array of solo artists, rock bands and pop groups, you’ll discover some fresh faces as well as some tracks you’ll want to download the second you return home. You’ll be getting a full five days of sea, sun and a whole load of sand, as well as late night entertainment and world famous sportspeople. With an awesome area designated for festival camping, you won’t want to leave and will be returning year after year.So for fun filled days at the beach packed with entertainment, what more could you want from the Relentless Boardmasters Festival? To get a better feel of the Relentless Boardmasters festival and what it’s about we’ve provided a summary guide of previous years events. We’ve included information on the types of acts and artists that have performed here and other background knowledge on the actual event. So reminisce with us now about some of the most awesome times celebrated at the Relentless Boardmasters festival over the years. History and now Slide 3 http://www. bluebanana. om/article. php/191/boardmasters-festival The Relentless Boardmasters festival was previously known as The Rip Curl Boardmasters Unleashed festival and is known as Europe’s biggest surf, skate and mu sic event. The name was changed in 2009 due to a change in sponsors when the fantastic energy drink company Relentless took over. It has now been running for almost 30 years, celebrating its 30th anniversary in August 2011. Since 1981 the Relentless Boardmasters festival has been supplying you with top quality entertainment and sports from the awesome location of Newquay.In 2008 the Relentless Boardmasters festival was headlined by Groove Armada, The Zutons, Audio Bullys, The Pigeon Detectives and Reverend and the Makers. It also contained the introduction and performances of Mystery Jets, Gallows and Ghost of A Thousand on the No Half Measures Stage. Attendees of the 2008 event were lucky enough to experience pleasant, summery weather at the Relentless Boardmasters festival and a line up which had something for everyone. In 2009 the name changed to Relentless Boardmasters and welcomed the first beach session down at Fistral Beach.This year there was a wider range of acts performing at the festival, from The Streets to Master Shortie, there was something for all tastes and styles in 2009. Some of the most well known acts were; Calvin Harris, Roots Manuva, The King Blues, Dan le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip and Noisettes. However, the highlight of the weekend was an awesome performance from headliners Cypress Hill. This year Relentless Boardmasters festival goers were also blessed with perfect weather and the weekend received fantastic reviews.Most recently the 2010 Relentless Boardmasters festival was a huge success. There are now three main stages at the surfing event; Main Stage, Relentless Stage and Vans Off the Wall Music Stage. The beach sessions continue on Fistral Beach on the Wednesday, Thursday and Sunday. Examples of the 2010 highlights include; The Futureheads, Natty, Young Guns, Madina Lake, Chase and Status, Gallows, Plan B, Seasick Steve and Example. The headliners at Relentless Boardmasters festival were Newton Faulkner and Leftfield which both contribu ted to an awesome review for the entire weekend.There are three main stages at the Relentless Boardmasters festival; Main Stage, Relentless Stage and Vans Off the Wall Music Stage. There are also smaller alternative stages such as; the View Stage, the Residential Dance Tent and the awesome Relentless Beach Sessions held down at Fistral Beach. Main Stage – With huge artists set to play, the Main stage is a playground of entertainment. Having seen bands from the likes of Newton Faulkner, Chase and Status, Calvin Harris, Example and a whole load more, the Main Stage is the place to park your body.Relentless Stage – Perfect for providing you manic fans with music to give your ears the fix they’ve been waiting for, previous bands to have graced the stage include New Young Pony Club, Chase and Status, Crystal Fighters and Dwarves. Vans ‘Off The Wall’ Stage – With a rawer sound blasting from this stage, if you’re in to harder music then this stage is the one to hang out at. Having had We Are The Ocean, Madina Lake, Chickenhawk and Everything Burns stealing the limelight. To check out the line up for the next festival, watch this space or head over to the official festival websites MAPEntertainment at the Relentless Boardmasters festival covers the Watergate and Fistral Beach area, so you can relax knowing you’ll never get bored. Fistral Beach will keep your adrenaline pumping with their surf competition, BMX mini ramp and so much more. Meanwhile, Watergate contains the best music, bars and a variety of fair rides. With such a large scale area, there’s so much to do at the Relentless Boardmasters festival that you won’t know what to do first. The Relentless Boardmasters festival is the place to be if you’re after intense beats, bars to grab a pint and a place to check your facebook account.Take a long walk across the golden beach and soak up some rays if you fancy chilling out. With shops near by, grab your favourite brand from one of the quirky surf shops that are tucked away. In the heat of the sun get yourself a cool refreshment or a chilled pint from any one of the Relentless Boardmasters beach bars found on Fistral beach. Growth of Festival 4 My village attracts over 90,000 unique fans to celebrate the UK’s longest running surf event at Fistral Beach and the music festival at Watergate Bay.In recent years the Boardmasters has truly become ‘Cornwall’s Festival’. Year on year the Boardmasters strives to enhance the event, not only for fans of the festival but also for the town of Newquay and Cornwall County. This is achieved through close workings with the relevant parties including the town and county councils, the emergency services, residents associations and local business. 2012 will once again see application for steady growth across the event in terms of capacity at the music festival site at Watergate Bay and its neighbouring campsite. The increased accommodation should allow a comfortable entry for new visitors to Newquay, bringing with them increased spending and vital repeat tourism. Stakeholders 5 My village Newquay Town Mayor, Andy Hannam said; â€Å"I am pleased to hear that the organisers of the successful Boardmasters event are returning to Newquay for 2012. I personally attended both days of the festival last year enjoying the world class surfing and vast, varied range of music. I was impressed with the way the event was organised and enjoyed by all that took part.Putting on this kind of event is a very difficult balancing act making sure that the people taking part don’t impact in a negative way on the residents living close to the venue. The feedback I received after the event was mainly positive and many lessons are being learned and we will work with the organisers to continue making improvements. I am sure that every effort will be made this year to continue improving the interaction between the Town and the event and Newquay will benefit from the increased visitor numbers we can expect over the weekend. The Boardmasters is a Cornish business and is the busiest week in Newquay’s calendar. As a direct result of the event, visitor spending exceeds ? 5 million throughout the county. The event itself hires over 300 event staff across 20 local businesses as well as using over 30 Cornish contractors and all catering concessions are Cornish based wherever possible. Malcolm Bell, head of Visit Cornwall said; â€Å"Boardmasters is the high point of the summer season on the North Coast of Cornwall and especially in Newquay.Not only does it contribute almost ? 20million to the local economy but more importantly it delights and thrills tens of thousands of happy visitors. If you love Cornwall, love the beach, love surfing or watching surfing and love great live acts then Newquay and Boardmasters is where you must be this summer. † Management 6 Business Opps 7 Environm ental Implications Slide 8 Sustainibility Slide 9 http://www. relentlessenergy. com/features/surfers-against-sewage-at-boardmasters. html SAS at Relentless Energy Drink BoardmastersSurfers Against Sewage’s stand will be present at Relentless Energy Drink Boardmasters, where they will organise daily beach cleans and environmental sessions, and introduce a very intriguing sounding giant board game called Marineopoly. If you want to become a member of SAS, head to their website via their link below. The first 50 people to quote Relentless at sign-up will receive a free and exclusive ACTIVIST t-shirt, as well as all the other member benefits (stickers, a quarterly magazine, posters, a keyring, a 10% discount at their store, exclusive competitions and partner offers and more).If you want to know more, make sure you check out their stand and find out about the excellent work that they do. A very welcome addition to Boardmasters http://myvillage. com/article/relentless-energy-drink- boardmasters-2012 Matthew Owen, director of Cool Earth said; The Boardmasters firmly upholds its eco conscience each year. All waste is recycled wherever possible and twice daily beach cleans ensure nothing is left behind. Further to this, the event supports two strong charities, Surfers against Sewage and Cool Earth.Last year, Boardmasters and Cool Earth protected acres of Peruvian rainforest from deforestation, locking in 8000 tonnes of CO2 and saving the habitat of 17 endangered species. â€Å"Boardmasters put on the best festival of the year and, with Cool Earth, saved 40 acres of rainforest from certain destruction. Let's do it again this year. Every single act at Boardmasters saved trees in the rainforest with Cool Earth. We've never seen a festival so switched on to saving the world. Great acts, great surf and 40 acres of rainforest kept standing. No other festival can compete. † Health and Safety slide 10Media Coverage Slide 11 Marketing Slide 12 Wrap up Slide 13 Othe r Stuff Read more: http://www. thisissomerset. co. uk/Licensee-hits-limits-Boardmasters-music/story-18286420-detail/story. html#ixzz2NQJbBnmd Follow us: @thisiscornwall on Twitter | thisiscornwall on Facebook Restrictions on the volume and times music is permitted on a Westcountry beach could threaten the future of one of the region's top musical and surfing gatherings. Cornwall Council's licensing committee has decided that music at Newquay's Fistral Beach has to stop at 11. 30pm and not exceed 65 decibels.The reduction in the time music can be played, which was previously 30 minutes later, at midnight, has come after complaints by some residents who live near the beach. John Lenton, whose company, Fistral Leisure Ltd, was the subject of a licence review by Cornwall Council's environmental protection team, said the council conditions were now jeopardising the music element of the Boardmasters Festival, Newquay's biggest event of the year. Mr Lenton holds a licence to stage events a t the beach's car park, including music and a skate competition over three days in August as part of the Boardmasters Festival, this year from August 7 to 11.The committee carried out a review of the Fistral beach car park and ordered that background music from both indoors and outside sources will cease by 11. 30pm. The committee ordered that amplified music will be kept to levels that are acceptable to surrounding businesses. The levels are 65 decibels at one monitoring point and 50 decibels at another. An additional condition is that the licensee will monitor the noise at two locations highlighted on the acoustic report at least once an hour while regulated entertainment is being undertaken.Mr Lenton said four or five people living on Esplanade Road had complained about music, the surfing and skating commentary, and even RNLI beach safety announcements. He holds a licence to stage events at the beach's car park, including music and a skate competition over three days as part of t he Boardmasters Festival. Mr Lenton said: â€Å"When are the council officers going to start backing local businesses? â€Å"Boardmasters is the biggest event of the year and they are trying to push the event out of town. â€Å"It is all over by midnight. It isn't as if it goes on until 4am.Boardmasters should be thanked, not punished, for holding the event in Newquay – 90 per cent of the town is behind it and businesses rely on it. There will come a time when Boardmasters gets tired of being told off. † Council officers monitored noise levels at properties on Esplanade Road, located at the southern end of Fistral beach, between August 9 and 15 last year. All events take place at the northern end. A report by environmental protection officer Miranda Flannigan states that the team had received numerous complaints from residents and that Fistral Leisure Ltd had been contacted over â€Å"poor management†It added: â€Å"Well-run and well-organised events are welc omed. However, the events relating to the particular licence have had a detrimental effect on residents. † Read more: http://www. thisissomerset. co. uk/Licensee-hits-limits-Boardmasters-music/story-18286420-detail/story. html#ixzz2NQJWqmHX Follow us: @thisiscornwall on Twitter | thisiscornwall on Facebook Read more: http://www. thisissomerset. co. uk/Licensee-hits-limits-Boardmasters-music/story-18286420-detail/story. html#ixzz2NQJOqQgL Follow us: @thisiscornwall on Twitter | thisiscornwall on Facebook ttp://www. newquayvoice. co. uk/news/5/article/3503/ Malcolm Bell, head of tourism at VisitCornwall, says the surf, skate, BMX and music festival generates an annual ? 18. 8 million to the Cornish economy. The statistic was highlighted during his speech at the Headland Hotel ahead of work getting underway to set up this year's event, which will be held at Fistral Beach between August 10 and 14. The music festival will be staged at Watergate Bay on August 12 and 13, featuring Fa tboy Slim, Klaxons, Eliza Doolittle and Stereo MC’s.Mr Bell said: â€Å"In 2009 we did an economic impact of the Boardmasters by talking to tens of thousands of people to find out their total spend. We found there is an ? 18. 8 million impact as a direct result because of the Boardmasters, which equates to 80% going to Newquay and 20% to the rest of Cornwall. â€Å"Cynics would say a lot of people would be coming to Newquay and Cornwall anyway. But if you have the most cynical view I have no hesitation in stating there is a ? 4. 75 million boost coming from people who would never have come anywhere near Newquay and Cornwall if it was not for the Boardmasters. The event is bigger since 2009 so the amount of money generated is even more. â€Å"Cornwall has got an interesting relationship with Newquay. It is love hate. Other parts of Cornwall tend to be negative, which irritates me. â€Å"The Boardmasters bringing in tens of thousands of people shows what Newquay is about. P eople now want to know when the Boardmasters is on. In terms of promoting Newquay and Cornwall it is brilliant. † Andrew Topham, from organisers Sports Vision said: â€Å"We are celebrating not only 30 years, but this year will be a six star event with a women’s and longboard category. There are 200 surfers taking part and the music event has got Fatboy Slim and the Klaxons headlining. There will also be 150 others acts. † An official warm-up event to get everyone in the mood for the Relentless Boardmasters festival will be staged at Bunters in Truro on Friday, featuring rockers Max Raptor, indie folkers The Travelling Band, plus support from the Suitenoir and singer songwriters Tom Law and Joss White. There will also be lots of Boardmasters giveaways. http://www. cornwall. gov. uk/default. aspx? page=32060 Issued on behalf of the Newquay Safe PartnershipAs Newquay prepares to welcome enthusiastic festival goers to this years Boardmasters event, Newquay Safe part ners continue to work closely together to promote safety and to reiterate that anti social behaviour will not be tolerated. Europe’s only surf, skate and music festival returns to Newquay from 8-12 August with thousands of revellers expected to enjoy the ultimate lifestyle experience against the backdrop of our spectacular coastline and welcoming town. Steve Kessell from VisitNewquay says: â€Å"Boardmasters is a prestigious event in two great locations – Fistral Beach and Watergate Bay.The festivals mix of high level beach based sport and the music festival compliments Newquay's visitor profile of families and younger visitors seeking a vibrant night time experience. As one of the nations favourite seaside resorts Newquay remains a top holiday choice and events such as Boardmasters add excitement to the holiday menu. † Eve Wooldridge, Manager of the Newquay Business Improvement District, says, â€Å"Boardmasters is a majorly important footfall, accommodation a nd customer spend driver for Newquay’s overall economy and there is a plethora of day and night-time events that appeal to families, couples and young people alike.All of the involved local businesses are gearing up for a successful week and many run corresponding events or promotions around the Boardmasters. It is helpful to see the joined-up working of the various organisations around Newquay Safe and we look forward to seeing thousands of people enjoying our natural surroundings and making the most of the positive Boardmasters experience. † As part of Newquay Safe’s partnership working, the night time Street Safe portacabin will be operating during Boardmasters.Funded and supported by Newquay Town Council, the portacabin is staffed by Devon and Cornwall Police and South Western Ambulance Service. The Street Safe mobile unit will also be out and about to help people in need anywhere in central Newquay with help, advice, support and assistance available for anyo ne who needs it; whether it is a lost wallet or bag or a safe place to gather their thoughts. Working closely with Street Safe are the local christian organisation, Street Pastors who support the Police, Ambulance Service, Street Marshals and other partners by helping anyone in need of assistance.Volunteer teams work on Friday nights into the early hours of Saturday morning to help anyone who appears vulnerable or worried. They work closely with the police, ambulance services and Street Safe project by providing a listening voice and pastoral support for people who want it. They are also able to signpost people to other services if they need to. This year the ranks of the Street Pastors have been swelled by extra volunteers coming to Newquay from other parts of the country.Newquay Street Pastor Maria Bunyan says: â€Å"We have been overwhelmed by the support we have received and delighted to welcome volunteers from as far afield as Cheshire who have come to boost our numbers and of fer their help. † To keep traffic moving during the Boardmasters event, Headland Road will be closed from Wednesday to Sunday and there will be a park and ride on the A3075 near Trevemper, to take people into town, for the duration of Boardmasters.Town Clerk of Newquay, Andy Curtis confirmed â€Å"Boardmasters is becoming widely recognised as a key part of Newquay’s annual event calendar, bringing many new faces to the Town. Newquay Town Council and Newquay Safe partners work very hard with the organisers each year to ensure the event is developed in a safe and sustainable way; addressing many issues which naturally arise from such a heavy volume of people and vehicular traffic in and around Newquay.We look forwards to this year’s event and welcoming the local and national festival-goers to our town. † Newquay Police will be continuing their No Nonsense campaign to reduce crime and disorder in the popular seaside resort. The robust approach has yielded enc ouraging results so far this summer leading to a decrease in crime figures and making the resort a better experience for all visitors.

Essay Sample on Life Journey My Own Experience

Essay Sample on Life Journey My Own Experience Each persons life is a journey on a contorted road dotted with bumps and craters. At certain points, the bumps could seem as high as mountains and the pits as deep as lots, making this journey called life appear quite despondent. Although occasionally, your predicaments are entirely fates blunders, but perchance, they are your own. Your personal characteristics roughly resemble a steering wheel for your journey. They could be positive traits, which could steer you on a more decent path; or negative traits, which could steer you to a path thats, well†¦ not so decent. Although you have no control over fate, you have power over your own driving skills, and could thus widen or narrow your chance for a smooth, prosperous journey. Also, it is beneficial to remember that you are not alone, for there are many other roads that coincide with yours, where others are conducting through their own journeys and floundering through their own bumps and craters as well. Drive together, and you co uld purvey support and encouragement for one another, and thus institute milder paths for all of you. Most prominently, no matter how harsh the terrain of your road becomes, just remember that you will pull through and be transformed for the better because of it. This optimistic philosophy that Ive adopted had been much solace to me in my own journey in becoming a successful high school student. It was not at all easy. Although fate has been overall lenient to me, it was my driving skills that tended to direct my course towards huge bumps. Despite my awareness of my own flaws and omissions, I still compulsorily reproached others and sought ways to exonerate myself. This was one of the worst traits I retain. It precluded me from obtaining responsibility for my choices and learning from past oversights, thus impeded my maturing process. For example, my projects were oftentimes undone till the last minute (including this one). I would think to myself, I dont feel like doing it today, so Ill work on it tomorrow. Thus the project was delayed further and further until there was no tomorrow for it anymore, and then I would end up working well over midnight while secretly scowling at the teacher for giving out such a tedious and inane assignment. Imm aturity and refusal to admit my errors caused me to plunge into countless pits in my journey. The one positive trait that had proved to be highly efficient in boosting me out of these pits is ambition. I know that too much of it could corrupt a person, but so far it had only empowered my spirit with much-needed optimism. My greatest ambition is to become a renowned novelist; therefore every hardship and pain to me befits an inspiration for a potential novel. It is a most optimistic perception of things, and it had succoured me through many phases of emotional turmoil. Although my own choices and personal characteristics had prompted many of my dilemmas, a certain number of large bumps on this road did bluntly materialise without my causing them. An example of that would be my kindergarten teacher. Back then, I was excessively shy and timid. (I still am, but not as much). I mainly kept to myself and was far too apprehensive to participate in class activities. Consequently, I might have appeared to be rather slow or mentally challenged. That was exactly what my teacher assumed. She would openly denounce me as a retarded child in front of myself and all my peers, and I was at that stage in my life of accrediting whatever adults told me. Thus for a long time, I subconsciously retained the impression that I was somehow less than other kids. The lack of self-esteem had often induced me to fail before I even try. The other major obstacle that Ive contended with was during my first years in the States. I had moved to Philadelphia, PA at the age of nine wi th primitive English comprehension. In addition, we were coerced to dwell in one of the most delinquent and precarious districts in West Philadelphia due to our low budgets. The despicable socio-economic status of my neighbourhood could be seen from the school I attended, which had metal detectors installed at its doors. I underwent a great deal stress both academically and socially due to problems of communication. Plus there were a number of students that discriminated against me because I had the lightest skin colour in my school. As a result, I developed paranoia towards my peers, which ensues me even now. Nevertheless, everybody undergoes their own adversities, shed their own tears, and abide their own pains. At these times of needs, friends, family, and other favourable resources are to be treasured more highly. I was never alone on this road, for many other roads that coincided with mine have brought much joie de vivre upon my journey. One of which who was always there behind me was my dad. I am not abashed to say that he is my best friend. There was a period in my childhood when he was not there for me. However, he made up for it by being the best father one could have. Not only did he did take the time to assist me with my homework when needed and spent plenty of quality time with me, he was always there with wisdom, encouragement, and consolation. The other momentous source of benefit is Canada. Moving across the Atlantic Ocean was undoubtedly the best thing that ever happened to me. The reason is that the education system in China is not only relentlessly harsh; it is sadistical ly cruel. Society has deemed that if you failed to attain a university degree, youd be a disgrace. Your career and marital opportunities would be despicably downtrodden. In addition, China possesses an enormous population and too few universities to match, thus eliciting nervous breakdowns among many high school students, some were even impelled to commit suicide due to the immense pressure. I, on the other hand, am indescribably glad to be here in Canada, where I am much more likely to do well in high school and thus hold a promising future. Now here I am in grade 10 with a tolerable grade average and a healthy attitude towards school and life in general. Although this journey had been difficult and even toilsome at times, I pulled through. One of the merits that I have acquired from my past experiences is strength. (Im not referring to muscles, of which I have none). Strength in mind and spirit is like steel, and the most sublime of its quality can only be heated through suffering. I do not mean to pity myself, but I do believe that Ive suffered more than many other teenagers have. There are certain things that I have not mentioned in this assignment, deeper pits in the hidden trails of my memory. Nonetheless, each time I fall, I was obliged to obtain strength in order to rise. Thus each time I rose, I was a little stronger than before. My kindergarten teachers abuse, for example, had brought me much self-loathing, but not anymore. Whats left is a searing urge within me to spite her by proving her wrong. Another lesson that Ive learned through my journey up to this point is to appreciate all that life has to offer. Life is short, and my road could abruptly come to a halt at anytime. Thus it is prominent to savour each and every moment of it by focusing on the positive things. My struggles and desolation have procured me to value what I have in order to overcome depression. My family, friends, and other fortunate events in my life have been lights in times of darkness, reminding me that the world is not completely forlorn and bleak. Optimism, along with strength, is all that I need to carry on. And thus I go forth on this journey with the memories of all the people and places Ive left behind. I know that as long as I possess a goal, I will never be lost. My goal as a successful high school student had been so far adequately accomplished, however, as always, there is much room for enhancement. It had been a most arduous but rewarding journey. My friends and family, especially my father, had made this journey much easier. Also, I would not overlook Canada, which is such an enlightening and lenient learning environment. All of these allies and resources have presented me with guidance in the right course. However, some of my personal characteristics, like irresponsibility, were inclined to steer me astray. Then again, other traits that I possess, like ambition, succoured me in the continuance of my journey. The bumps and craters that Ive met along my journey held a large role in constituting the person that I am now. I have fallen so many times into the seemingly abyss of desp air and struggled against the mirror for just a speck of self-esteem, but I have survived. I understand that there will be greater obstacles and barriers in the future, but I personally believe that pain is a thing to be prized. Someone who does not know pain would not appreciate joy, nor would he obtain the strength to make his journey worthwhile.

Sun Tzu Biography

Sun Tzu Biography Sun Tzu and his Art of War are studied and quoted in military strategy courses and corporate boardrooms around the world. There’s just one problem – we aren’t sure that Sun Tzu actually existed! Certainly, someone wrote a book called The Art of War several centuries before the common era. That book has a singular voice, so it is likely the work of one author and not a compilation. That author also appears to have had significant practical experience leading troops into battle. For simplicity’s sake, we will call that author Sun Tzu. (The word Tzu is a title, equivalent to sir or master, rather than a name - this is the source of some of our uncertainty.) Traditional Accounts of Sun Tzu According to traditional accounts, Sun Tzu was born in 544 BCE, during the late Spring and Autumn Period of the Zhou Dynasty (722-481 BCE). Even the two oldest known sources about Sun Tzus life differ as to his place of birth, however. Qian Sima, in the Records of the Grand Historian, claims that Sun Tzu was from the Kingdom of Wu, a coastal state that controlled the mouth of the Yangtze River during the Spring and Autumn Period. In contrast, the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lu Kingdom state that Sun Tzu was born in the State of Qi, a more northerly coastal kingdom located approximately in modern Shandong Province. From about the year 512 BCE, Sun Tzu served the Kingdom of Wu as an army general and strategist. His military successes inspired him to write The Art of War, which became popular with strategists from all seven rival kingdoms during the Warring States Period (475-221 BCE). Revised History Down through the centuries, Chinese and then also western historians have reconsidered Sima Qians dates for Sun Tzus life. Most agree that based on the specific words he uses, and the battlefield weapons such as crossbows, and the tactics he describes, The Art of War could not have been written as early as 500 BCE. In addition, army commanders during the Spring and Summer Period were generally the kings themselves or their close relatives - there were no professional generals, as Sun Tzu appears to have been, until the Warring States Period. On the other hand, Sun Tzu does not mention cavalry, which made its appearance in Chinese warfare around 320 BCE. It seems most likely, then, that The Art of War was written sometime between about 400 and 320 BCE. Sun Tzu probably was a Warring States Period general, active about one hundred or one hundred and fifty years after the dates given by Qian Sima. Sun Tzus Legacy Whoever he was, and whenever he wrote, Sun Tzu has had a profound influence on military thinkers over the past two thousand years and more. Tradition avers that the first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huangdi, relied on The Art of War as a strategic guide when he conquered the other warring states in 221 BCE. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 CE) in Tang China, fleeing officials brought Sun Tzus book to Japan, where it greatly influenced samurai warfare. Japans three reunifiers, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, are said to have studied the book in the late sixteenth century. More recent students of Sun Tzus strategies have included the Union officers pictured here during the American Civil War (1861-65); Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong; Ho Chi Minh, who translated the book into Vietnamese; and US Army officer cadets at West Point to this day. Sources: Lu Buwei. The Annals of Lu Buwei, trans. John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riege, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Qian Sima. The Grand Scribes Records: The Memoirs of Han China, trans. Tsai Fa Cheng, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008. Sun Tzu. The Illustrated Art of War: The Definitive English Translation, trans. Samuel B. Griffith, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

3 Misplaced Modifiers

3 Misplaced Modifiers 3 Misplaced Modifiers 3 Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"A glass of water comes by request only in restaurants.† This sentence implies that the only type of establishment in which a glass of water is served is a restaurant. However, what it means is that in a certain type of establishment, a patron must ask to be served water. To communicate the correct meaning of the sentence, structure it with that syntax: â€Å"In restaurants, a glass of water comes by request only.† 2. â€Å"She advocated as a suffragist and journalist for women to crack male-dominated careers before she became an environmentalist.† This sentence structure suggests that the subject advocated for the stated goal, hoping that it would be achieved before she entered into her prospective line of work. But â€Å"before she became an environmentalist† is a modifier that is not integral to the sentence. To clarify its relationship to the rest of the statement, reorder the sentence as done in the first example by getting the modifying phrase out of the way at the onset: â€Å"Before she became an environmentalist, she advocated as a suffragist and journalist for women to crack male-dominated careers.† 3. â€Å"The process is painless, and you can be an elected official by spending less than $100 in most communities.† The implication here is that would-be politicians can succeed by investing less than $100 in each community they visit. What the writer means, though, is that less than $100 is required to file to become a political candidate. Do you see a pattern here? A modifier invites misunderstanding when it is tacked onto the end of a sentence rather than strategically positioned. In this case, however, unlike as in the previous examples, â€Å"in most communities† does not logically belong all the way at the other end of the sentence. Yes, perhaps the process is painless in most communities, but â€Å"in most communities† applies to the fee. That phrase should be excised from its current position and inserted not as an introductory phrase but as a parenthetical: â€Å"The process is painless, and, in most communities, you can be an elected official by spending less than $100.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions15 Great Word GamesDrama vs. Melodrama

Business law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business law assignment - Essay Example Additionally, the tax rates and reliefs are more favourable. Nevertheless, there are numerous administrative requirements in order to commence trading and companies are subject to strict financial reporting requirements, which can be cumbersome. Another option would be to set up a partnership, which can open up other business opportunities. The Partnership Act 1890 (the Act) regulates partnerships at common law. Unlike sole traders, partners share the business and control, decision making and profit and losses. All partners are jointly and severally liable for debts and â€Å"owe duty of good faith to each other5†. Section 28 of the Act further imposes a statutory duty to account and Law v Law6 determined that the impact of section 29 of the Act was to prohibit secret profits. The Act governs liability of partners and their legal obligations and provides that each partner is equally liable for the business regardless of their share of the ownership. Additionally, depending on the number of partners, partners can terminate and dissolve the partnership at any point resulting in automatic dissolution7. Therefore the main disadvantage of this trading medium is exposure to potential liability for acts of other partners under section 10. The other alternative would be to set up a limited liability partnership (LLP) under The Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 (LLPA). The LLP has certain similarities to limited companies and section 1(2) of the LLPA states that an LLP is a separate corporate entity with legal personality separate to its members. Accordingly, the distinct advantage compared to a general partnership is that an LLP can hold land and other assets in its own name, enter intro contracts with its own name and goes further in protecting partners from wrongful acts of other partners8. Moreover, in contrast to a limited liability company, as an LLP does not have any share

History of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of economics - Essay Example Before the evolution, slave trade was the only trade that people knew and they considered it an economy. During the sixteenth century, people were uncivilized and war was known to be the main economic activity (Canterbery 18). Many economists have come up with many theories to explain the history of economics. The western history of economics is divided into four theories (Deane 1). 1. Classical Greek: This period is also referred to as the feudalism (survival for the fittest). This is a time when political philosophy focused on ethical problems of the Aristocratic slave based. This was a time when people stopped slave trade and there was no economy and people only produced the necessities like food, clothing, and shelter. 2. Mediaeval Scholastic: During this era, economics was a clerical monopoly and the mediaeval economic ideas were essential. Individual economy behavior was relevant in the market economy rather than exchange economy which actually worked. 4. Modern: During the eighteenth century, Adam Smith, a French physiocrat, came up with the study of economics as a distinctive discipline, a science and a technique of analysis, and it was a time when economics was introduced to the people and everyone understood the essence of the economy. The two economic ideologies (classical Greek and mediaeval) which came up were mainly historical. The Greek and Mediaeval was based on political and theological interest and the approaches had little to do with modern economics. The mercantilist theory was developed during the seventh century. Mercantilists described economics as the art of managing a state, and they had created the element of demand and supply. They developed theories of interest rate, which had factors like yield of investment in the capital stock and the supply of loanable funds (Deane 3). The main focus was on external trading relationship on nations,

Conscience clauses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conscience clauses - Assignment Example However, it may also involve any segment of patient care. This conscientious opposition to health care continuously affects an individual well-being or access to health care since the oppositions interfere with the provision of health services. If faced with an issue of abortion, this use of the conscience clause is significant so as to save the life of the unborn child. Abortion is a concrete issue that a woman decides due to pressure from family or his partner. Asking the patient questions in a sympathetic manner will make her open up to discuss the issue with you. So the woman might be in a confusing situation and as a health care provider, you must be capable of coming up with answers that can save the situation. Referring her to another hospital is not a solution. Since the woman sees abortion as the only way of being accepted back into her clan, counselling her will help rethink on her decision. In addition, you can refer her to a professional counsellor who will discuss with her on what best to

No Child Left Behind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No Child Left Behind - Essay Example uarantee that every child is skillful in reading skill that is directed for interpretational purpose and mathematical skills for basic and every-day actions. This is to be accomplished by the end of the session 2013–2014 as per the school year. An explanation provided by NCLB regarding this strategy involves various political domains from lower to higher authorities i.e. from schools to district and to state authorities so that children master the skills in every possible manner. This step not only will be of prime significance from the point of view of children but also it is highly imperative step for the development of the nations and therefore qualification of teacher is highly imperative for the success of the strategy formulated under NCLB. Step by step procedures are adopted for assessing adequate yearly progress (AYP) (State and Local Implementation of No Child Left Behind, II & III). No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a federal law which was established in 2001 to highlight the importance of basic and higher education for every child. The major task of this law is to exhibit aptitude and advancement according to answerability criterions set by the country and accepted or permitted the Department of Education of United States (Accountability Resource Center Hawaii). The law necessitates states to execute a system that is responsible enough to measure the progress and performance of the system in development of the child. For instance, a responsible system to measure Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) in mathematics, reading skills, contribution and aptitude. It also encompasses the way teacher teaches and how qualified the teacher is to teach and meet the standard. These accomplishments are reported annually at the individual level, school level and also at the state level (Accountability Resource Center Hawaii). NCLB was implemented as a law in January 2002 as "An Act to close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no

Effective Interpersonal Communications Term Paper

Effective Interpersonal Communications - Term Paper Example You see there are also many misconceptions about communication. A misinterpretation can cause problems between parties; however not communicating at all may cause problems as well. When two people do not communicate with each other, there is no way to express their feelings or intent about each other and thus people assume that the hostility will remain between each other unless clarified through communication. Another factor of how miscommunication can take place is through having different communication styles. More predominately found in males and females who have contradicting ideologies about communication styles. An example of this is that if a student asks too many questions, to one person it may seem as if he is interested in studies while another will contradict the belief by assuming that he is disrespectful to the teacher by cutting her off again and again. Studies have shown that women tend to prefer intimacy when they communicate preferring to look at the person they are communicating with right in the eye while males remain predominately professional preferring to look around and shift at an angle which will reduce eye contact to a bare minimum. Women will also be sympathetic to each other and will prefer to talk to each other and men would rather push something under the carpet then deal with a problem with requires one to communicate. Fortunately, these breakdowns in communications can be repaired. Misconceptions can be cleared out, relationships can be restored and languages can be translated.... The first of these states that if communication can fail, it probably will; A message can be understood in different ways, most of the times being in ways that does most harm; There is always an individual who understands what you mean by your message a lot better than you do; As communication takes place more, it becomes difficult for communication to succeed. You see there are also many misconceptions about communication. A misinterpretation can cause problems between parties; however not communicating at all may cause problems as well. When two people do not communicate with each other, there is no way to express their feelings or intent about each other and thus people assume that the hostility will remain between each other unless clarified through communication.   Another factor of how miscommunication can take place is through having different communication styles. More predominately found in males and females who have contradicting ideologies about communication styles. An example of this is that if a student asks too many questions, to one person it may seem as if he is interested in studies while another will contradict the belief by assuming that he is disrespectful to the teacher by cutting her off again and again. Studies have shown that women tend to prefer intimacy when they communicate preferring to look at the person they are communication with right in the eye while males remain predominately professional preferring to look around and shift at an angle which will reduce eye contact to a bare minimum. Women will also be sympathetic to each other and will prefer to talk to each other and men would rather push something under the carpet then deal with a problem with requires one to communicate

Biol 232 Human Physiology - Answers to questions Essay

Biol 232 Human Physiology - Answers to questions - Essay Example In this case, the concentration of solute inside the artificial cell is equal to the solute concentration outside; hence, there is no movement of Na+ and Cl- ions across the membrane. b. Assume the membrane is permeable to both solutes; does the concentration of NaCl affect the movement of glucose through the membrane? Explain your answer. No, the concentration of NaCl will not affect the diffusion of glucose across the membrane. Solutes diffuse through the permeable membrane due to the difference in concentration per kind of solute (Saladin, 2009). That is, Na+ and Cl- ions will move across the membrane if there is difference between the NaCl concentration inside and outside the artificial cell. In the same manner, glucose molecules will move across the permeable membrane due to concentration difference of glucose inside and outside the artificial cell. Since Na+ and Cl- ions are different from glucose molecules, the NaCl concentration will not affect the diffusion of glucose across the membrane. c. Assume the membrane is permeable to both solutes, will we detect osmotic pressure in the cell after 1 hour? Explain your answer. Yes, an osmotic pressure will likely be detected due to the different concentration of glucose inside and outside the artificial cell.

Effective Interpersonal Communications Term Paper

Effective Interpersonal Communications - Term Paper Example You see there are also many misconceptions about communication. A misinterpretation can cause problems between parties; however not communicating at all may cause problems as well. When two people do not communicate with each other, there is no way to express their feelings or intent about each other and thus people assume that the hostility will remain between each other unless clarified through communication. Another factor of how miscommunication can take place is through having different communication styles. More predominately found in males and females who have contradicting ideologies about communication styles. An example of this is that if a student asks too many questions, to one person it may seem as if he is interested in studies while another will contradict the belief by assuming that he is disrespectful to the teacher by cutting her off again and again. Studies have shown that women tend to prefer intimacy when they communicate preferring to look at the person they are communicating with right in the eye while males remain predominately professional preferring to look around and shift at an angle which will reduce eye contact to a bare minimum. Women will also be sympathetic to each other and will prefer to talk to each other and men would rather push something under the carpet then deal with a problem with requires one to communicate. Fortunately, these breakdowns in communications can be repaired. Misconceptions can be cleared out, relationships can be restored and languages can be translated.... The first of these states that if communication can fail, it probably will; A message can be understood in different ways, most of the times being in ways that does most harm; There is always an individual who understands what you mean by your message a lot better than you do; As communication takes place more, it becomes difficult for communication to succeed. You see there are also many misconceptions about communication. A misinterpretation can cause problems between parties; however not communicating at all may cause problems as well. When two people do not communicate with each other, there is no way to express their feelings or intent about each other and thus people assume that the hostility will remain between each other unless clarified through communication.   Another factor of how miscommunication can take place is through having different communication styles. More predominately found in males and females who have contradicting ideologies about communication styles. An example of this is that if a student asks too many questions, to one person it may seem as if he is interested in studies while another will contradict the belief by assuming that he is disrespectful to the teacher by cutting her off again and again. Studies have shown that women tend to prefer intimacy when they communicate preferring to look at the person they are communication with right in the eye while males remain predominately professional preferring to look around and shift at an angle which will reduce eye contact to a bare minimum. Women will also be sympathetic to each other and will prefer to talk to each other and men would rather push something under the carpet then deal with a problem with requires one to communicate

On the brink of war Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On the brink of war - Coursework Example Charter†. Another example of logos was the statistics which showed the sum of money spent by the administration. Byrd thought it was dismal, because â€Å"this administration has squandered a large projected surplus of some $5.6 trillion†. Furthermore, in this speech we can observe a few examples of ethos, when the Senator made references to authorities. â€Å"The distinguished Senator from Illinois, Mr. Durbin, and I have been talking about that†. However, the most numerous are the examples of pathos, to my mind. â€Å"There will be children, little boys and girls dying if this war goes forward in Iraq. And American men and women will die, too†, â€Å"but on whom will we depend when these men and women are gone to foreign lands to fight a war if a war faces us here at home, a different kind of war† and others. The whole speech was based on the Toulmin method of argumentation. There was a clear split between sides. The Senator neither gave neutral statements, nor analyzed the opposing side. On the contrary, all his claims were highly judgmental, focused on strengthening his viewpoint. Byrd underpinned his thoughts by data, warrants and backing. The idea of entering a new war was ominous for him. â€Å"We may have massive military might†¦ but remember we have had massive military might before. How many millions of men marched to the drums of war only 60 years ago? Thirteen million American men under

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wing Versus Rotor Wing Engineering Essay

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wing Versus Rotor Wing Engineering Essay Since 1919, law enforcement agencies have used fixed wing and rotor wing aircrafts to assist in enforcing the law. In 2007, data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics showed that large law enforcement departments provided aerial enforcement in the District of Columbia and 46 states. There were 295 airplanes and 604 helicopters being operated, which flew more than 330,000 missions. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf The types of airplane that are used by law enforcement are Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Pilatus PC-12 Spectres, P-3 Orions, Citations, Learjets, Gulfstream jets, King Air 350s and 200s and some larger airliner-type aircraft. Some of the helicopters used are the American Euro-copter EC120/130/145, AStar AS350/355N/350 B2, Dolphin HH-65C, Blackhawk UH-60, Maverick, Raven II R44, Cayuse OH-6 and McDonnell Douglas MD 600. The types of missions these aircrafts conduct are surveillance, drug interdiction, fugitive searches, routine patrol or support, search and res cue, personnel transport, prisoner transport, SWAT operation, traffic enforcement, speed enforcement, homeland security, photographic, medical support and evacuation. Both types of aircrafts have their advantages and disadvantages in airborne law enforcement. http://www.kansas.com/2010/08/01/1427779/aviation-sees-growth-in-law-enforcement.html. The advantages that a helicopter has over an airplane are that they can land and take off without the need for run ways. Their airfoil shape rotors are like the wings of an airplane, as the rotor spins, air flow faster over the tops of the blades than it does under, thus creating lift for flight. Their unique rotor design allows for them to takeoff vertically, fly in any direction including sideways, backwards and hover over an area. Their ability to hover provides coverage for the ground units on the street and if needed land to assist in foot pursuits. They can be equipped with a winch for the purpose of lowering or picking up personnel or equipments on the ground, at sea or on mountains during a search and rescue mission, where there is no place to land . They are better able to maneuver around tall structures at lower altitudes. manhttp://library.thinkquest.org/J0112389/helicopters.htm. On 14 November 2008, San Diego Police Department ABLE helicopter used the FLIR camera to catch a man facing murder charges for beating another with a crutch in the middle of the street. http://www.policeone.com/police-products/tactical/night-vision/videos/5954944-police-helicopter-catches-bizarre-street-fight-on-flir-camera On 30, January 3013 the NYPD police helicopter rescues a shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s captain who was having a heart attack. A dramatic nighttime helicopter rescue in New Yeark Harbor may have saved the life of a shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s captain. Police say they received a call Tuesday night that the captain of the Panamanian cargo ship Grey Shark was having a heart attack. The NYPD harbor medical team stabilized the 60 year old captain before calling the help of a police helicopter. A basket was lowered to hoist him up into the chopper, which then flew him to Staten Island University Hospital North. He was listed in stable condition. http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/176246/police-helicopter-rescues-ship-captain-who-was-having-a-heart-attack The helicopters are force multipliers for ground units, because they can monitor the tactical environment, give alerts or observe things which the ground units are unable to detect. Additionally, they can respond and cover ground more quickly than ground units. The flight deck of a helicopter can be equipped with multiple electronic equipments. Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) also know as glass cockpit that provides flight and system information to the crew, Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) camera allows the crew to see images created from infrared energy, moving map system show their location, satellite phones provide direct communication, dig ital video downlink gives real time images, night vision goggles can be used in low light situation if needed, loudspeakers for communication or message deliver to the ground, tear gas dispensers, police and aviation radios . Disadvantages helicopters are that they cost more to operate and maintain. A fully equipped helicopter can cost from $500,000 to $3 million and the flying costs ranges from $200 to $400 per hour. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-09-30-cophelicopters_N.htm Maintenance, fuel, leasing and financing cost are three times then the cost to operate and maintain airplanes. Due to its abilities to fly lower and hover over areas it creates lots of noise and is easily detectable. The capacities of passengers that a helicopter can carry are limited. The Robinson RA-44 can carry 2 to 4 personnel and others like the Blackhawk UH-60 can carry 11 personnel or the Bell UH-1 that can be configured to carry 15 personnel. The general commercial helicopters used by t he law enforcement agencies have a flight time of two to four hours, with top speed from 50 to 200 knots and an average range of about 200 miles. The operations of fixed wing aircraft have some advantages over rotor wing aircrafts in law enforcement. They can perform a wide range of missions which requires them to stay airborne longer then a rotor wing aircraft is able to. Fix wing aircraft can carry more payloads and engine performances are great then those of rotor wing aircrafts. Aero surveillance, homeland security, speed enforcement and transport of people or gear are mostly the missions performed. http://www.lawofficer.com/article/patrol/fixed-wing-aircraft-law-enforc They are equipped with a variety of high tech equipments just as their rotor wing counterparts. The cabins are pressurized and allow for higher altitude flights. They can perform surveillance 5,000 ft to 6,000 ft and not be undetected. The average costs to maintain and operate a fixed wing aircraft per flight is about $54 for maintenance and $45 for fuel compared to a rotor wing aircraft. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf The Custom Border Patrolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s P-3 AEW Orion airplane has a large fuel capacity of 60,000 lbs; flight time up to 10 to 13 hours, maximum range at low altitude is 2,500 NM and at high altitude 3,800 NM. Average cruising speed is 300 to 330 knots. It can carry a crew of 12 to 21 personnel. Normal crew consists of four systems operators, three pilots, two flight engineers and three maintenance crew members. This aircraft is integration with the E-2 Hawkeye aircraft radar system, which allows for it to see 200 NM in all directions. They coordinate and direct Navy and Coast Guard ship and aircrafts to the location of drug smuggling boats or planes. Primary mission are interdiction, over water operations, surveillance and homeland security. The use of this aircraft between the Jacksonville, Florida and the Texas office have contributed to the cap ture and seizure of 50 metric tons of drugs worth a roughly about 2 Billion dollars. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqCtrB_FZvE Fixed wing light sport aircraft generally cost between $60,000 and $130,000 to purchase and $50 per hour to fuel and maintain. They can fly at wide range of speeds of 35 to 125 knots making them an excellent platform for performing a broad range of law enforcement missions. It can carry up to 500 lbs and travel twice as far as a helicopter could. http://nij.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/operations/aviation/types-of-aircraft.htm The disadvantages of fix winged aircrafts are they require a runway to take off and land, assembling of the flight crew, delay on taking off due to congestion at airport, unable to see the other side of the aircraft. They cannot monitor the tactical environment very well and or unable to alerts or observe things which the ground units are unable to detect. Unable to land and assist with foot pursuits, canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t hover, t he aircraft is not equipped with rescue winch. http://www.usafp.org/op_med/fldmedopns/airevac.htm http://www.jrsa.org/events/conference/presentations-09/Lynn_Langton.pdf http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aullea07.pdf http://www.kansas.com/2010/08/01/1427779/aviation-sees-growth-in-law-enforcement.html